nasopharyngoscopy

Nasopharyngoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a nasopharyngoscope to examine the nasal cavity, the nasopharynx, and related structures. It is commonly performed by otolaryngologists (ENTs) and other trained clinicians. The examination can be done with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope or a rigid endoscope. It allows direct visualization of mucosal surfaces, the adenoids in children, the openings of the eustachian tubes, and parts of the oropharynx. It may be diagnostic or used to guide biopsy.

During the procedure, topical anesthesia and decongestant are applied to the nasal mucosa. The chosen endoscope is gently inserted through one nostril and advanced to the nasopharynx; the clinician assesses symmetry, mucosal changes, masses, inflammation, and function. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy allows examination during swallowing and phonation and is often well tolerated in awake patients.

Indications include assessment of chronic nasal obstruction, recurrent epistaxis, suspected nasopharyngeal mass or adenoidal hypertrophy, evaluation prior to adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy, and to guide biopsy of suspicious lesions. It is also used in evaluation of nasal discharge, persistent cough, or snoring, and in endoscopic examination for foreign bodies.

Risks are generally limited to transient discomfort, epistaxis, coughing, or gagging; syncope is rare. Contraindications are not absolute but include significant nasal obstruction preventing safe passage, active uncontrolled infection, or patient intolerance. It can be performed in outpatient settings, and anything observed can be biopsied with dedicated forceps through the endoscope if needed.