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Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction. This is in contrast to other forms of symbiosis like parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other, or commensalism, where one benefits and the other is unaffected. In mutualism, the advantages gained by each organism are significant enough to outweigh any potential costs or neutral effects.

There are various forms of mutualism. Obligate mutualism occurs when one or both species cannot survive without the other. For example, certain fungi and algae form lichens, where the fungus provides structure and moisture, and the algae provide food through photosynthesis. Facultative mutualism, on the other hand, is where species can survive independently but benefit from the interaction. An example is the relationship between bees and flowers; bees get nectar and pollen for food, and flowers are pollinated, enabling reproduction.

Mutualistic relationships can be observed across diverse ecosystems and involve a wide range of organisms, from microscopic bacteria to large mammals. These interactions play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem stability. They can involve the provision of food, shelter, defense, or reproductive assistance. The evolution of mutualism is driven by natural selection, favoring individuals within a population that engage in beneficial partnerships. Understanding mutualism is key to comprehending the complex web of life on Earth.