mummies

Mummies are preserved bodies, usually human or animal, created by deliberate embalming and drying or by natural preservation. While the term is most closely associated with ancient Egypt, mummification has occurred in various cultures and climates, from arid deserts to cold bogs, and across the world. The underlying motive is often belief in an afterlife, or ceremonial respect for the dead.

In ancient Egypt, mummification was an elaborate ritual. Internal organs were removed—usually with the heart left in the body while the brain was removed through the nose and discarded. The body was dehydrated with natron for about 40 days, then treated with resins and oils and wrapped in linen bandages, often with amulets. The mummy was placed in a decorated coffin or sarcophagus and buried in a tomb with offerings and inscriptions. Canopic jars held the removed organs.

Outside Egypt, natural mummification occurred in dry, cold, or windless environments. The Chinchorro culture in what is now northern Chile developed early artificial mummification practices. Bog bodies in northern Europe remain exceptionally well-preserved due to acidic, waterlogged conditions.

Animal mummies were common in Egypt, where cats, ibises, and other creatures were mummified and buried as offerings or sacred symbols.

Today, mummies are studied through noninvasive imaging and chemical analyses to learn about ancient health, diets, burial practices, and technologies. Conservation and display practices continue to improve preservation.