mineralssalts

Mineral salts are ionic compounds composed of metal cations and nonmetal or polyatomic anions. They dissociate into ions in water and participate in many geological, biological, and industrial processes. In nature they occur as minerals in rocks and soils or as dissolved species in oceans; they are also produced synthetically for various uses.

Common examples include sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Solubility, lattice energy, and hydration determine their behavior. In organisms, essential electrolyte salts such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ maintain nerve function, muscle activity, and fluid balance.

Applications span food processing, agriculture, medicine, and industry. Salts provide flavor and preservation in food, supply nutrients in fertilizers, serve as reagents and buffers, and aid water treatment and chemical manufacturing.

Production methods include mining evaporite deposits (halite, gypsum), brine evaporation, and chemical synthesis by neutralization. Most mineral salts are crystalline solids with high melting points; many dissolve in water and conduct electricity when dissolved or molten.

Safety and regulation vary by compound. While many salts are essential nutrients in appropriate amounts, excessive intake or exposure can be harmful. Handling follows standard chemical safety practices and product-specific guidelines.