mineralokortikoid

Mineralokortikoid is a term used predominantly in German-speaking pharmacological literature to refer to the class of mineralocorticoid hormones and their synthetically produced analogues. These steroids primarily regulate electrolyte and fluid balance by acting on the epithelial sodium channels in the kidneys, promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. The natural mineralocorticoid adrenal cortex hormone is aldosterone, the most studied member of this group.

Synthetic mineralokortikoid agents, such as fludrocortisone and minoxidil through its mineralocorticoid metabolite, are employed clinically to treat conditions related to adrenal insufficiency, hypoadrenalism, and certain types of hypertension. Fludrocortisone enhances sodium retention and can correct sodium loss in Addison’s disease, while minoxidil’s vasodilatory effect is partly mediated by counterbalancing mineralocorticoid signaling. These drugs are typically dosed carefully because overstimulation can lead to hypertension, edema, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis.

Mineralokortikoid activity is modulated by the mineralocorticoid receptor, a nuclear transcription factor that binds the hormone and regulates gene expression. In the therapeutic context, receptor antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis and conditions of hyperaldosteronism. Understanding the balance between agonistic and antagonistic effects of mineralokortikoid compounds is essential for maintaining electrolyte homeostasis and for devising appropriate treatment regimens.