midzygrupowym

Intergroup, often rendered in Polish as międzygrupowy, denotes phenomena and processes that occur between distinct social groups. The term is used across sociology, social psychology, organizational studies, and political science to describe how group membership influences attitudes, behavior, and social outcomes. It is contrasted with intragroup processes, which unfold within a single group.

Key theoretical perspectives address the origins and dynamics of intergroup relations. Realistic conflict theory posits that competition over scarce resources can fuel hostility between groups. Social identity theory explains how people derive self-esteem from group membership, leading to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. The intergroup contact hypothesis argues that direct contact between groups can reduce prejudice, especially when conditions such as equal status, cooperative goals, and institutional support are present. Meta-analyses suggest that contact can have broad, beneficial effects across contexts.

Intergroup phenomena manifest in prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination, intergroup bias, and sometimes conflict or cooperation. They are studied in laboratories and field settings, across cultures, and in domains such as education, workplaces, politics, and international relations. Researchers examine both antecedents—identity salience, perceived threat, status asymmetry—and outcomes, including prosocial behavior, policy attitudes, and group cohesion.

Applications include designing diversity programs, conflict-resolution strategies, and inclusive organizational practices. The term międzygrupowy is used in Polish-language scholarship to discuss cross-group interactions, intergroup prejudice, and cooperation in multiethnic or multiparty contexts.

See also: Intergroup relations, Intergroup contact theory, Social identity theory, Realistic conflict theory, Prejudice and discrimination.