lithophagia

Lithophagia is a behavioral disorder characterized by the compulsive ingestion of non-nutritive, non-food substances such as stones, dirt, clay, or chalk. The term originates from the Greek words *lithos* (meaning "stone") and *phagein* (meaning "to eat"). This condition is most commonly observed in children, particularly those with developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, or certain psychological disorders, though it can also affect adults.

The exact cause of lithophagia remains unclear, but several factors may contribute to its development. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iron or zinc, are often linked to the condition, as the ingestion of substances like clay may serve to compensate for these deficiencies. Psychological factors, including stress, anxiety, or underlying mental health conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), may also play a role. In some cases, it may be a learned behavior or a coping mechanism for sensory-seeking needs.

Lithophagia can pose significant health risks, including intestinal blockages, gastrointestinal irritation, and nutrient imbalances. Diagnosis typically involves a medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions and an assessment of dietary and behavioral patterns. Treatment may include addressing any nutritional deficiencies, providing behavioral therapy to modify the habit, and, in some cases, medication to manage related psychological symptoms.

While lithophagia can occur independently, it is sometimes associated with other pica disorders, which involve the consumption of inedible substances. Early intervention and a multidisciplinary approach—combining medical, nutritional, and psychological support—are essential for managing the condition effectively.