limblessness

Limblessness refers to the absence of one or more limbs, either from congenital limb deficiency or from loss of a limb through amputation or trauma. It encompasses individuals who have no functioning arms, legs, or both, and it may affect a single limb or multiple limbs.

Congenital limb absence occurs during fetal development and can be isolated or part of a syndrome. It is caused by genetic factors, vascular disruptions, or environmental influences in pregnancy. Acquired limb loss results from severe injury, infection, cancer requiring amputation, vascular disease, or iatrogenic procedures.

Classification commonly distinguishes congenital transverse versus longitudinal deficiencies, and acquired unilateral versus bilateral amputations or disarticulations. Residual limb characteristics influence prosthetic options and rehabilitation planning.

People with limblessness may experience phantom limb sensations and pain. Rehabilitation emphasizes functional training, adaptation of daily activities, and acquiring assistive devices. Prosthetic technologies, such as body-powered, myoelectric, and osseointegrated limbs, are used to restore some motor function, with success depending on residual limb, access to care, and training.

Psychological and social aspects are important; stigma and accessibility challenges can affect quality of life. Multidisciplinary care teams address physical therapy, prosthetics fitting, pain management, and mental health. Ongoing research aims to improve control interfaces, comfort, and integration with the nervous system.