kristallenspectra

Kristallenspectra, commonly referred to as crystal spectra, denote the set of spectral signals generated by crystalline materials as they interact with light or other probes. These signals arise from the periodic atomic arrangement, electronic band structure, and lattice dynamics of the crystal. They are used to determine structure, composition, and physical properties of minerals and synthetic crystals.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal lattice parameters and crystal symmetry through Bragg reflections; powder XRD provides phase identification, while single-crystal diffraction yields precise structure. Optical spectroscopy in the UV–visible and near-infrared ranges probes electronic transitions and band gaps, and can reveal dopants and defect levels. Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy map vibrational modes (phonons) tied to crystal symmetry and bonding. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), including XANES and EXAFS, probes local chemical state and coordination around specific elements. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in electron microscopes offers complementary information at nanometer scales.

Spectra in crystals are shaped by selection rules that depend on symmetry and by the electronic band structure; peaks and edges inform about energy differences between states and about local environment. Diffractive features in XRD are governed by structure factors and the arrangement of atoms, yielding lattice constants, phase composition, and crystallite size. Defects, strain, and impurities produce characteristic shifts, broadenings, or new features in Kristallenspectra.

Applications span minerals identification, materials characterization, quality control in crystal growth, and the design of semiconductors, phosphors, and photovoltaics. The interpretation often combines experimental spectra with crystallographic models and theoretical calculations.