kriminologi

Criminology (kriminologi) is the systematic study of crime, criminal behavior, and the social responses to crime. It seeks to understand not only why people commit crimes but also how societies define, measure, and respond to wrongdoing. The field integrates theories and methods from sociology, psychology, law, anthropology, economics, and political science to examine crime patterns, risk factors, victims, and the operations of the criminal justice system. Criminologists analyze crime data, conduct fieldwork, and evaluate prevention and intervention programs.

Common theoretical perspectives include strain theory, social disorganization, labeling, routine activity theory, deterrence and rational choice, and social learning. Research covers topics such as juvenile delinquency, organized and white-collar crime, cybercrime, gender and race disparities, and victimology. Methods range from quantitative analyses of official statistics and victim surveys to qualitative interviews and ethnography.

Criminology is taught at universities and colleges, often within social science or law faculties, leading to degrees that prepare graduates for research, policy analysis, or roles within the justice system. The field informs crime prevention, risk assessment, rehabilitation, and public policy. Ethical considerations include privacy, fairness in punishment, and avoiding stigmatization of individuals or groups.