krait

Krait is the common name for several highly venomous snakes in the genus Bungarus, family Elapidae, native to the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. Kraits are among the region’s most medically significant snakes due to their potent neurotoxic venom. Notable species include the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus), the Malayan blue krait (Bungarus candidus), and the Sri Lankan krait (Bungarus ceylonicus).

Kraits are generally slender, with smooth, glossy scales. Color patterns vary by species, from bluish-black to brown or black with pale crossbands in some, while others are more uniformly colored. They are primarily nocturnal and often approach human dwellings at night in search of prey such as rodents.

The venom is predominantly neurotoxic, interrupting nerve signals and commonly causing paralysis of respiratory muscles. Without prompt treatment, bites can be fatal due to respiratory failure. Local tissue damage is typically minimal, and systemic effects may develop over hours rather than immediately.

Kraits feed mainly on small vertebrates, including rodents, lizards, frogs, and occasionally other snakes. They are oviparous, laying eggs in sheltered sites during the rainy season. They tend to be shy and will retreat when detected, sometimes hiding under debris or inside buildings.

Envenomation requires urgent medical care. Antivenom specific to Bungarus species is available in many regions, and treatment focuses on airway management and supportive care, including respiratory support if needed. First aid emphasizes keeping the person calm and immobilized; avoid cutting, sucking venom, or applying a tourniquet. While habitat loss and human conflict can affect local populations, several kraits are not currently considered globally endangered.