kanker

Kanker, in Dutch, refers to a group of diseases characterized by the growth and spread of abnormal cells that can invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Cancers arise from genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell regulation and can develop in almost any organ or tissue. They are classified into major categories by origin and behavior.

Most cancers result from accumulated genetic alterations caused by a combination of inherited susceptibility and environmental or lifestyle factors. Risk factors include tobacco use, infections such as HPV and hepatitis, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, age, obesity, and alcohol. Some cancers run in families due to specific genetic mutations.

Common categories include carcinomas (epithelial), sarcomas (connective tissue), leukemias (blood-forming tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic system), and melanomas (pigmented skin). Symptoms vary by site and stage, and early cancers may cause few or non-specific signs. Diagnosis relies on imaging, laboratory tests, and tissue biopsy with histology; molecular testing may identify mutations to guide treatment. Staging assesses tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis.

Treatment is tailored to cancer type and stage and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy. Many patients receive combinations of modalities. Palliative care aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Ongoing research and clinical trials in precision medicine continue to expand options, especially for advanced or resistant cancers.

Prognosis varies widely by type and stage at diagnosis. Early detection through screening and risk-reduction strategies can improve outcomes. Prevention emphasizes vaccination against virus-related cancers, healthy lifestyle choices, and avoidance of known carcinogens.