izolaie

Izolaie, or izolaţie, is the set of techniques and materials used to reduce the transfer of heat, sound, or electricity across a boundary between spaces or objects. In building practice, it primarily refers to thermal and acoustic insulation, while electrical insulation is used for safety and equipment protection.

Thermal insulation aims to lower energy use and improve comfort by minimizing heat transfer. Acoustic insulation reduces noise transmission. Electrical insulation prevents current flow and protects against shocks. Common thermal insulation materials include mineral wool, fiberglass, expanded or extruded polystyrene, polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foams, and natural options such as wood fiber, cellulose, and hemp. Acoustic insulation relies on porous or dense materials like mineral wool, fiberglass, and acoustic boards. Insulation can be applied as boards or batts, spray foams, or loose-fill, and is installed in walls, roofs, floors, and around pipes or ducts. Installation approaches include external insulation, internal insulation, or cavity wall systems; proper moisture management and air barriers help prevent condensation and mold.

Performance is measured by heat transfer metrics such as R-value (or RSI in metric) and U-value. Fire safety, moisture control, and long-term durability are important considerations, and installation quality significantly affects effectiveness. Environmental impact and energy efficiency considerations are increasingly central to material choice and system design.

Applications span residential, commercial, and industrial building envelopes, as well as piping, ducts, refrigeration systems, and electrical equipment. The selection of izolaie depends on climate, budget, and safety requirements, and is often integrated with ventilation, condensation control, and thermal bridging considerations.