intraarticulares

Intraarticulares refers to structures, procedures, or injections that take place within a joint capsule, the synovial cavity surrounded by the articular capsule and lined by the synovial membrane. The intraarticular space contains synovial fluid and articular cartilage, and its integrity is essential for smooth joint movement. Procedures described as intraarticular aim to deliver substances directly into this space or to sample it for analysis.

Common joints treated with intraarticular interventions include the knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, and wrist, with knee injections being the most frequent. Intraarticular injections are used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, and can involve corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid (viscosupplementation), local anesthetics, or, in some cases, platelet-rich plasma or other biologics. Corticosteroids provide short- to medium-term anti-inflammatory effects; hyaluronic acid aims to improve lubrication and reduce pain in osteoarthritis. Local anesthesia may be used for diagnostic blocks or temporary pain relief.

Diagnostic use of intraarticular techniques includes arthrocentesis, the aspiration of synovial fluid for analysis to detect infection, crystals, or inflammatory profiles, and to relieve effusions. Intraarticular injections may be performed under palpation guidance or with imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or fluoroscopy, to improve accuracy and safety, particularly in small joints or complex anatomy.

Risks and contraindications include infection at the injection site or within the joint, bleeding disorders, or anticoagulant therapy, and rare complications such as septic arthritis, tendon rupture, or postinjection flare. The choice of agent and technique depends on the joint involved, the underlying condition, and patient factors.