grundlagar

Grundlagar, or fundamental laws, are the core statutes that establish a country’s constitutional framework. They define how government is formed and operates, how power is divided and exercised, and the basic rights and liberties that protect individuals. Because of their importance, grundlagar are typically more rigid than ordinary laws; changing them often requires a special and more demanding legislative process.

In Sweden, the term grundlagar refers to four fundamental laws that together constitute the constitution: Regeringsformen (the Instrument of Government), Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression), Tryckfrihetsförordningen (the Freedom of the Press Act), and Successionsordningen (the Act of Succession). Each addresses different aspects of constitutional order: the framework for government and governance, protection of basic rights including freedom of speech, and the rules governing succession to the throne. Together, they secure the separation of powers, the rule of law, and fundamental civil liberties.

Amendments to grundlagar in Sweden require a stricter process than ordinary laws. A proposed change must be passed by the Riksdag in two separate ordinary sessions with an election held between them, ensuring broad political consensus before a constitutional change takes effect. More generally, grundlagar exist in many constitutional systems as the highest law, with special procedures to protect stability and fundamental rights. They may be complemented by additional rights Acts, such as freedom of information or press laws, that bolster civil liberties within the constitutional framework.