foaling

Foaling is the process of a mare giving birth to a foal. In horses, gestation typically lasts about 320 to 360 days, with 340 days being a common average. Foaling readiness is influenced by factors such as age, health, and nutrition.

Signs that foaling is near include udder development and waxing of the teats, milk leakage or colostrum, a relaxed or anxious demeanor, pacing, tail switching, sweating, and frequent turning of the hindquarters. The mare may become more isolated and exhibit nesting-like behavior. A clean, quiet, well-lit foaling area is advised, and many handlers monitor the mare closely in the final weeks.

Foaling occurs in three stages. Stage 1 involves uterine contractions and restlessness that can last several hours. Stage 2 is the actual birth, typically beginning with the rupture of membranes and the emergence of the foal’s front feet and nose, followed by delivery of the foal, usually within 20 to 30 minutes. Stage 3 is the expulsion of the placenta and usually completes within 1 to 3 hours after foaling. All placental tissue should be expelled; retained placenta requires veterinary attention.

After birth, the foal should stand and nurse within 1 to 2 hours. Colostrum intake in the first hours is crucial. The umbilical cord stump should be treated with a clean antiseptic, and the foal’s health and nursing should be monitored. Any signs of trouble—prolonged stage 2, weak foal, no nursing, or foul placental odor—warrant immediate veterinary consultation.

Common complications include dystocia, placental retention, and neonatal illness. Proper preparation, supervision, and prompt veterinary contact are key to a successful foaling.