flosses

Dental flosses are thin, flexible strands designed to remove dental plaque and food particles from between teeth and beneath the gumline. They complement brushing by reaching areas a toothbrush bristle cannot.

Floss comes in several materials and forms. Most traditional floss is made of nylon fibers in waxed or unwaxed varieties; some are monofilament. Floss can be flavored, tinted, or designed as dental tape for broader contact areas. Other interdental cleaners include floss picks, and for braces or implants, floss threaders and specialized tools can help. Water flossers are an alternative that use a stream of water.

To use, wind about 40 cm of floss around the middle fingers, leave a short length taut, and slide it between teeth using a gentle sawing motion. Curve the floss into a C around each tooth and work it beneath the gumline. Move to a clean section of floss for each tooth to avoid transferring plaque. Be careful not to snap or force floss, which can injure the gums. For braces, gently thread the floss under wires with a threader.

Regular use reduces plaque accumulation and gingivitis and can help with bad breath. Flossing is most effective when paired with brushing and routine dental checkups. Potential drawbacks include floss shredding, gum irritation if used aggressively, and difficulty in persons with tight contacts or orthodontic appliances.

Guidelines from major dental associations generally advocate daily flossing as part of an overall oral hygiene routine, though individual recommendations may vary.

The concept originated in the 19th century; Levi Spear Parmly recommended silk floss in 1815. Modern nylon floss became widespread in the mid-20th century, with waxed varieties later popularized for easier passage between teeth.