felines

Felines are mammals in the family Felidae, within the order Carnivora. The family includes big cats—lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars—and a larger group of smaller cats. The two primary subfamilies are Pantherinae, containing the larger species, and Felinae, which comprises most of the smaller cats, including domestic cats (Felis catus) and their wild relatives.

Felids are typically characterized by retractile claws (in most species), short muzzles, and strong jaws adapted for processing flesh. They possess keen senses, especially vision and hearing, and a flexible body built for stealth and rapid bursts of propulsion while hunting. Whiskers help detect nearby objects in dim light.

Taxonomy and domestication: The family includes about 40 living species, ranging from the domestic cat to the large jungle cats and small wild cats. Domestic cats are descended from the African wildcat Felis silvestris lybica, domesticated independently in several regions, with evidence of widespread human ownership dating to roughly 9,000–10,000 years ago.

Behavior and ecology: Most felids are solitary; lions are an exception, living in prides. Felids are primarily territorial and opportunistic hunters, stalking prey and delivering a quick kill. Reproduction varies by species; litters are generally multiple, with maternal care lasting weeks to months. Many cats are crepuscular or nocturnal, aligning activity with prey and cooler hours.

Distribution and habitat: Felidae occupy a broad range of habitats, including forests, savannas, deserts, mountains, and urban areas. They occur across much of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with Antarctica the only continent without native felids. Domestic cats thrive in human-modified environments worldwide.

Conservation: Several felid species face threats such as habitat loss, prey depletion, poaching, and conflict with humans. IUCN assessments designate varying statuses from Least Concern to Critically Endangered. Conservation strategies emphasize habitat protection, prey management, anti-poaching measures, and coexistence programs with people and livestock.