farmakologii

Farmakologiya, or pharmacology, is the science that studies drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It covers the origins and properties of chemical substances, how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (pharmacokinetics), and how they produce effects by acting on biological targets (pharmacodynamics). It also addresses the therapeutic uses of medicines, their potential adverse effects, and how drug actions are influenced by dose, route of administration, age, disease, and interactions with other substances.

Major subfields include pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics (clinical use and dosing), toxicology (poisoning and safety), clinical pharmacology (application in patient care), pharmacogenomics (genetic influences on drug response), and pharmacovigilance (post-marketing safety monitoring). Other areas cover pharmacognosy (natural products), medicinal chemistry, and drug development, including preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory science that governs approval and monitoring of medicines.

Methods range from in vitro experiments and animal studies to human clinical trials. Pharmacology informs dosage guidelines, drug interactions, adverse-event management, and individualized therapy through fields like precision medicine and pharmacogenomics. It also intersects with related disciplines such as toxicology, anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology.

Historically, pharmacology emerged from empirical medicine and pharmacognosy, advancing with Paracelsus’s dose–response concept and later with researchers such as Langley and Ehrlich, leading to modern receptor theory and targeted therapy.