farmacologica

Farmacologia, or pharmacology, is the branch of science that studies drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It includes the origin, chemical properties, therapeutic use, and adverse effects of substances used to diagnose, treat, prevent or study diseases. It seeks to understand both how drugs produce their effects (pharmacodynamics) and how the body handles drugs (pharmacokinetics), including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Key subfields include clinical pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, toxicology, pharmacovigilance, and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacodynamics examines mechanisms of action at molecular targets such as receptors and enzymes, while pharmacokinetics analyzes processes that influence drug concentrations in the body. Other areas cover drug development, formulation, dosage, interactions, and safety assessment.

Historically, pharmacology emerged from early medicinal practices and formalized in the 19th and 20th centuries through the work of scientists who defined dose–response relationships, receptors, and drug safety. Modern pharmacology relies on in vitro, animal and clinical studies, plus regulatory science and post-market surveillance.

Applications include guiding prescription practices, optimizing therapeutic regimens, and evaluating risks and benefits. It underpins drug discovery, development, labeling, and monitoring for adverse effects.

Regulatory and educational aspects involve trained professionals such as pharmacologists, pharmacists, and clinicians, and institutions and agencies responsible for drug approval and safety monitoring.