dubium

Dubium is a Latin noun meaning “a doubt” and is the neuter singular form of the adjective dubius, meaning doubtful. As a substantive, dubium denotes uncertainty, a question, or something that is in doubt. It appears across Latin texts in philosophy, rhetoric, and law to mark questions about evidence or likelihood.

Etymology and form: Dubium derives from the Latin adjective dubius. The neuter form is commonly used when referring to a general doubt rather than a specific object. The related verb is dubitare (“to doubt”), and related nouns include dubitatio (doubt or hesitation).

Usage and phrases: In classical Latin, dubium can function as the subject or object of verbs such as dubitare. Expressions like esse dubium (“to be a doubt”) and in dubio (“in doubt”) are standard. The well-known maxim in dubio pro reo, meaning “when in doubt, for the defendant,” reflects a principle of uncertain evidence in legal contexts.

Modern usage: Outside Latin-language studies and discussions of Latin phrases, dubium is rarely used in contemporary prose. It does not designate a modern taxon or widely used technical term in science, and its primary presence is within discussions of Latin grammar, rhetoric, and translation.

Related terms: dubius (doubtful), dubitare (to doubt), dubitatio (doubt or hesitation). The concept remains a basic element in discussions of doubt and uncertainty within Latin linguistic and philosophical contexts.