ditubuhkan

Ditubuhkan is a Malay word meaning "to be established" or "was established." It is the passive perfect form of the verb tubuhkan (to establish, to form) and is used to indicate that an organization, institution, or other entity came into existence as a result of a founding act.

Etymology and form: The term derives from the root tubuh, with the causative suffix -kan to form tubuhkan, meaning "to establish." The passive voice is formed with the prefix di-, yielding ditubuhkan; the suffix -kan remains in the participle form. In use, ditubuhkan can appear with a time phrase such as "ditubuhkan pada tahun 1990." The agent performing the act may be introduced by oleh.

Usage and nuance: Ditubuhkan is common in formal writing, historical accounts, official records, and journalism. It is often interchangeable with diasaskan, didirikan, or dibentuk, though each carries slight nuance: diasaskan emphasizes conception and initiation; didirikan emphasizes the act of establishing; dibentuk emphasizes formation. Ditubuhkan tends to focus on the completion of the founding act.

Regional notes: Ditubuhkan is standard Malay and is used in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. In Indonesian, the corresponding expressions are usually didirikan or diasaskan, since ditubuhkan is not part of standard Indonesian vocabulary.

Examples: "Persatuan itu ditubuhkan pada 1995." "Organisasi tersebut telah ditubuhkan oleh sekelompok pemimpin."