cytopeniák

Cytopeniák refer to a group of conditions characterized by a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells in the peripheral blood. This can include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), or thrombocytes (platelets). When the count of red blood cells is low, it is known as anemia. A reduction in white blood cells is termed leukopenia, and a deficiency in platelets is called thrombocytopenia. It is also possible to have a combination of these deficiencies, such as pancytopenia, which involves a reduction in all three major blood cell types.

The causes of cytopeniá are diverse and can range from nutritional deficiencies, such as a lack of vitamin B12 or folate, to autoimmune disorders where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own blood cells. Certain medications, infections, and exposure to toxins can also lead to decreased blood cell production or increased destruction. In some cases, cytopeniá can be a symptom of underlying bone marrow disorders, including aplastic anemia or leukemia, conditions that impair the bone marrow's ability to produce sufficient blood cells.

The clinical presentation of cytopeniá varies depending on which blood cell type is affected and the severity of the deficiency. Anemia can manifest as fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. Leukopenia can increase susceptibility to infections, while thrombocytopenia may lead to easy bruising and bleeding. Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count (CBC) and further investigations to identify the underlying cause, which may include a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment strategies are tailored to the specific cause and can involve addressing nutritional deficiencies, managing autoimmune conditions, discontinuing offending medications, or, in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation.