cryptoprocessors

A cryptoprocessor is a dedicated hardware component designed to perform cryptographic operations and manage cryptographic keys in a secure, isolated environment. It can take the form of a standalone module such as a hardware security module (HSM), a secure element embedded in a device or system-on-chip, or a trusted platform module (TPM) integrated into a motherboard or processor.

Core functions typically include secure generation and storage of cryptographic keys, execution of cryptographic algorithms (encryption and decryption, digital signatures, hashing), and generation of high-quality random numbers. Many cryptoprocessors also provide key management features, attestation, secure boot, and, in some cases, cryptographic acceleration to offload processing from general-purpose CPUs. They are designed to resist tampering and certain side-channel attacks, and to protect keys even if the host system is compromised.

Access to cryptoprocessor capabilities is usually mediated through standardized interfaces and APIs. Standalone HSMs commonly expose PCIe or network interfaces, while secure elements and TPMs use interfaces such as I2C, SPI, or specialized buses. Common security standards and certifications, such as FIPS 140-2/3 and Common Criteria, are often cited to validate the strength of a cryptoprocessor’s protections.

Applications include securing communications (TLS offloading and key management), code signing and document signing, database and data-at-rest encryption, digital identities, and cloud-based key management services. While offering strong security guarantees, cryptoprocessors introduce considerations around performance, cost, vendor lock-in, and supply-chain integrity.