conscripts

Conscripts are individuals who are required by law to perform military service for a state for a defined period. Conscription, or mandatory military service, is used by some countries to maintain armed forces, while others rely on voluntary recruitment. The policy, duration, and eligibility rules of conscription vary widely and may change with security needs and political factors.

Most conscription systems begin with registration and medical or moral-ethical screening, followed by a service call when required. A person’s age, citizenship status, and health determine eligibility. Common exemptions include medical or religious objections, essential civilian occupations, student status, or conscientious objection considered by many countries as a basis for alternative civilian service. In many places, service is restricted to males, but several countries have extended or allow inclusion of women or offer non-combat roles for all genders.

Historically, conscription has been central to national defense plans in the 19th and 20th centuries, shaping armies and societies. It has also sparked political debate about civil liberties, equality of obligation, and the social burden of military service. International law recognizes a state's right to compel military service in many circumstances, while protecting freedom of conscience and providing alternative service in numerous jurisdictions.

Today, many democracies have shifted away from universal conscription toward all-volunteer forces or partially suspended draft laws. Nevertheless, several states continue mandatory service or maintain selective or reserve-based systems, influencing defense readiness, budgets, and public attitudes toward the military.