codo

Codo is the Spanish term for the elbow, the joint that connects the upper arm to the forearm. In humans, it functions as a hinge that primarily permits flexion and extension, while forearm rotation occurs around the proximal radioulnar joint, enabling pronation and supination.

Anatomically, the elbow is formed by three bones: the distal humerus, the proximal ulna, and the proximal radius. The main articulations are the humeroulnar joint, the humeroradial joint, and the proximal radioulnar joint. The joint is enclosed by a capsule and reinforced by ligaments, including the ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, and the annular ligament.

Several muscles cross the elbow to produce movement, notably the biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, as well as the forearm flexors and extensors. Nerve supply is provided by the median, ulnar, and radial nerves; blood supply by the brachial artery and its branches.

Common conditions affecting the elbow include tendinopathies such as lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis, olecranon bursitis, osteoarthritis, fractures of the distal humerus or radial head, elbow dislocations, and nerve entrapments such as cubital tunnel syndrome.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical examination and imaging, with X-rays as a first step; MRI or CT can be used for complex injuries. Treatment ranges from rest, immobilization, and physical therapy to surgical repair or reconstruction in severe cases such as fractures or chronic instability.

Etymology: codo is the Spanish word for elbow.