chrysanten

Chrysanten, known in English as chrysanthemums, are flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The term covers a large group of species and cultivars, many of which are grown for autumn blooms. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe and have been cultivated for centuries in China and Japan.

Description: Chrysanthemums are herbaceous perennials (some forms become woody with age) that produce heads composed of ray florets around a central disc. Flower shapes range from simple daisy-like to densely double or pompon forms. Colors span white, yellow, orange, pink, red, and bronze.

Cultivation and varieties: Garden chrysanthemums prefer full sun and well-drained soil with regular moisture. Many modern cultivars are bushy or tall and require staking. In temperate regions they are often treated as annuals or seasonal potted plants because they are sensitive to frost, although some hardy forms exist. Breeding has produced numerous classes, including single, semi-double, anemone-type, and cushion or pompon varieties, used for borders and as cut flowers.

Uses and symbolism: Chrysanthemums are widely used in ornamental gardening and floristry, valued for late-season color and long vase life. Culturally, they carry different meanings: in East Asia they symbolize longevity and autumn; in Japan the chrysanthemum is the Imperial Seal and national flower; in many Western countries they are associated with funerals and sympathy.

History and distribution: The plant was domesticated in China and Japan and later introduced to Europe in the 18th century, where it became a major subject of hybridization and commercial floriculture.

Care and safety: Regular deadheading can extend flowering. Avoid overwatering and ensure good drainage. Pests such as aphids and spider mites and diseases like powdery mildew can affect growth. Some parts of the plant can be toxic if ingested by pets.