carrasca

Carrasca is a common name used in parts of Spain and Portugal for evergreen oaks in the genus Quercus, especially the holm oak (Quercus ilex). In some regions, the term also covers related evergreen oak forms such as Quercus rotundifolia. These trees are a characteristic component of Mediterranean woodlands and dehesa or montado landscapes, where they coexist with grasses and grazing animals.

Description and characteristics: Carrasca trees are generally large evergreen oaks with dark, leathery leaves. They produce round acorns that mature in one growing season. The trees are drought-tolerant and well adapted to poor soils, forming dense canopies that provide shade and habitat for various species.

Habitat and ecology: The carrasca is native to the Mediterranean basin, ranging from the Iberian Peninsula through southern Europe to North Africa and parts of the Middle East. It thrives in warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. In its ecosystems, it supports biodiversity, participates in nutrient cycling, and forms mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi.

Uses and cultural significance: Carrascas have long been valuable for both ecological and economic reasons. The trees provide timber and firewood, and their acorns have been used as a food source for humans and livestock after processing. In dehesa and montado systems, acorns contribute to the fattening of pigs and support grazing regimes, while the trees offer shade and habitat for wildlife.

Distribution notes: While most commonly associated with southwestern Europe and North Africa, the term carrasca is regional and may refer to different evergreen oaks in various local contexts. Overall, the carrasca denotes a key Mediterranean evergreen oak with ecological and cultural importance.