brahmavihrs

Brahmavihāras, also spelled brahmavihrs, are a group of four virtuous mental states in Indian religious traditions, especially Buddhism, and are referenced in Hindu texts as well. The term means “sublime abidings” or “abodes of Brahma” and denotes qualities to be cultivated for mental harmony and ethical conduct.

The four virtues are maitri (loving-kindness), karuna (compassion), mudita (empathetic or sympathetic joy), and upekkha (equanimity).

In practice, meditators develop these qualities toward themselves and toward others, gradually extending goodwill to friends, strangers, and even enemies, and finally all beings. The aim is to expand the circle of care, reduce ill will, and foster a balanced, resilient mind.

Historically, brahmavihāras appear in early Buddhist scriptures such as the Metta Sutta and are elaborated in later treatises. The concept has influenced Theravada and Mahayana meditation traditions and, in broader Hindu and Jain literature, signals virtuous, universal dispositions.

In modern practice, the Brahmavihāras are taught as a foundational framework for cultivating compassion, ethical conduct, and emotional well-being.