bowels

The bowels, or intestines, are part of the digestive system and extend from the end of the stomach to the anus. They are traditionally divided into the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine is where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur, while the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and forms solid waste.

Structure and function: The small intestine comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It receives chyme from the stomach and uses enzymes and bile to break down nutrients. The lining provides a large surface area for absorption. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. It absorbs water and electrolytes, houses gut bacteria, and stores feces until defecation.

Movement and regulation: Peristaltic contractions propel contents along the bowel. Hormones and nerves regulate motility and secretion. The gut microbiota plays a role in digestion, metabolism, and immune function.

Health considerations: Common bowel disorders include irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), diverticular disease, colorectal polyps and cancer, hemorrhoids, and bowel obstruction. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and unintended weight loss. Diagnosis may involve imaging, endoscopy, stool tests, and laboratory work; treatment depends on the condition and may include diet changes, medications, or surgery.

The bowel is connected to overall health and hydration, with nutrition and lifestyle influencing function. Regular medical evaluation is important when persistent symptoms occur.