bisphenols

Bisphenols are a class of organic compounds characterized by two hydroxyphenyl groups connected by a central carbon bridge. They are produced commercially by condensation of phenol with carbonyl compounds such as acetone, yielding monomers used to make plastics and coatings. The best known member is bisphenol A (BPA). Other common bisphenols include bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS).

Uses include polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and coatings for metal cans and fish tanks, as well as sealants, dental materials, and certain thermal papers. BPA-based polycarbonates were widely used in consumer products, though many jurisdictions have restricted BPA in infant feeders and toys; manufacturers increasingly replace BPA with alternatives such as BPF and BPS or other chemistries.

Health and safety: Bisphenols can interact with estrogen receptors and other hormonal pathways, leading to endocrine-disrupting effects in some animals and potentially in humans, especially during development. Evidence at low doses is mixed and regulatory assessments vary by jurisdiction. Most agencies have established exposure limits or require labeling, and research continues on long-term health effects and the safety of substitutes.

Environmental aspects: Bisphenols enter the environment through manufacturing, consumer product wear, and disposal. They can be detected in water, sediment, and biota and may degrade to metabolites with biological activity. Ecotoxicological data show variable effects, usually at relatively high concentrations but still of concern for sensitive species.

Analytical monitoring typically uses chromatography with mass spectrometry to measure parent compounds and metabolites, supporting exposure assessment and regulatory compliance.