autisme

Autism spectrum disorder, often referred to simply as autism (autisme in French), is a neurodevelopmental condition defined by differences in social communication and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is described as a spectrum because individuals vary widely in abilities and support needs. Signs are usually present in early childhood, though not all children are diagnosed until later.

Core features include challenges with reciprocal social interaction, difficulty with typical conversational flow, and restricted interests or routines. Some individuals experience sensory sensitivities, such as reactions to sounds, textures, or lights. Diagnosis is based on developmental history and observed behavior, typically by a multidisciplinary team, and may involve standardized screening tools and developmental assessments. There is no single medical test for autism.

Autism arises from differences in brain development with a strong genetic component. Hundreds of genes may contribute, and inherited factors play a major part; rare gene changes can also be involved. Environmental factors have been studied but no single cause has been established. Vaccines do not cause autism.

Prevalence estimates vary by country and diagnostic criteria, but autism affects a substantial minority of people worldwide. In recent years, diagnostic criteria have broadened, and awareness has grown, leading to more diagnoses across ages and genders. Many individuals are diagnosed in childhood, while others are identified later in life.

While there is no cure, early and ongoing supports can improve communication, social interaction, and daily living skills. Evidence-based approaches include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and targeted behavioral interventions, along with customized education plans and family training. Interventions emphasize individual strengths and preferences and aim to enhance independence and quality of life. Many autistic people advocate for inclusive services and acceptance.