antiparasitica

Antiparasitica, in common usage, refers to drugs used to treat infections caused by parasites, including protozoa, helminths (worms), and ectoparasites. They are used in human and veterinary medicine and work by targeting parasite-specific biological processes while minimizing harm to the host. Antiparasitics may be used for treatment or, in certain situations, for prophylaxis in areas where parasites are widespread.

Therapeutic agents are organized into several classes. Antimalarials such as chloroquine, quinine, and artemisinin derivatives act against Plasmodium species. Nitroimidazoles like metronidazole and tinidazole combat anaerobic protozoa and bacterial infections. Anthelmintics, including albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin, treat worm infections. Ectoparasiticides such as permethrin and ivermectin target external parasites. Mechanisms vary and may include inhibition of parasite metabolism, disruption of microtubules, paralysis of neuromuscular transmission, or direct damage to parasite membranes or DNA.

Uses and safety considerations vary by organism and region. Indications include malaria, giardiasis, amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, schistosomiasis, a range of helminth infections, and ectoparasitic infestations like scabies and lice. Side effects range from mild to severe and may involve drug interactions. Resistance to several antiparasitics, especially antimalarials and helminthicides, is a global concern and can undermine effectiveness. Some agents are unsuitable for certain populations, such as pregnant people or young children, and require careful dosing and monitoring.

Regulatory and stewardship aspects emphasize appropriate use, proper dosing, and adherence to guidelines. In human and veterinary contexts, prescription and surveillance help manage efficacy and the emergence of resistance, supporting targeted, evidence-based use of antiparasitics.