ambroxol

Ambroxol is a mucolytic and secretory agent used to relieve productive cough in various respiratory tract conditions characterized by thick, viscous mucus. It is the active metabolite of bromhexine and is available in several dosage forms for adults and children, including cough syrups, tablets, and inhalation solutions.

The primary mechanism of action is secretolysis and enhanced mucus clearance. Ambroxol reduces mucus viscosity by acting on mucus glycoproteins, increases hydration of the bronchial secretions, and stimulates serous gland production in the airways, improving mucociliary transport. It may also promote surfactant synthesis by type II pneumocytes and has been noted to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in some studies.

Clinically, ambroxol is used for acute and chronic diseases of the airways where thick mucus impairs breathing, such as bronchitis, bronchopulmonary infections, COPD, and sinusitis. It is commonly prescribed for pediatric and adult patients, with dosing and route tailored to age and clinical needs. Patients should follow the product label or a clinician’s instructions, and avoid using cough-suppressing medicines that reduce coughing when ambroxol is needed to clear mucus.

Pharmacokinetically, ambroxol is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, with 3-hydroxyambroxol among its major metabolites; renal excretion is the primary route of elimination. The half-life is typically several hours, and formulations vary in duration of action.

Adverse effects are generally mild and include gastrointestinal upset, nausea, or taste disturbance; rare allergic reactions can occur. Contraindications include hypersensitivity to ambroxol. Safety in pregnancy and lactation is not fully established, so use should be guided by a clinician. Interactions with antitussives may lessen the productive benefit of therapy.