Zwangsheirat

Zwangsheirat, or forced marriage, is a marriage in which one or both individuals do not freely consent and are pressured to marry. Coercion can include threats, intimidation, emotional manipulation, violence, financial dependence, or pressure from family or community. In a forced marriage, consent is not voluntary, while in an arranged marriage the partners may consent after family involvement. Distinguishing coercion from choice can be complex in practice.

International human rights law regards forced marriage as a violation of personal liberty and the right to freely choose a spouse. Many countries prohibit it or provide for criminal or civil remedies, with laws varying on age, consent, and protective exemptions. Some jurisdictions focus on the validity of the marriage, others emphasize safeguarding the rights of the individuals involved.

Forced marriage occurs worldwide in diverse settings, across cultures and socioeconomic groups. Risk factors include rigid gender norms, economic vulnerability, migration status, isolation, and limited access to education and services. Girls are disproportionately affected, but boys and men can also be victims. Communities may apply social sanctions to coerce agreement or maintain honor codes.

Responses combine protection and prevention. Survivors can access hotlines, legal aid, shelters, and confidential reporting channels. Law enforcement and courts may pursue remedies. Prevention relies on education, community engagement, and robust social services. International and non-governmental organizations promote rights-based reforms, data collection, and cross-border cooperation to protect individuals and reduce the incidence of forced marriage.