Zahnnerv

Zahnnerv is a term used in dentistry to describe the network of nerves that innervate the teeth. It is not a single nerve, but the sensory innervation supplied to the dental tissues, primarily by branches of the trigeminal nerve.

In the maxilla (upper jaw), the superior alveolar nerves arising from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve provide most of the innervation to the teeth. The anterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the central and lateral incisors and canines; the middle superior alveolar nerve (where present) contributes to the premolars; the posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the molars. In the mandible (lower jaw), the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, provides sensory input to the mandibular teeth, with the nerve continuing as the mental nerve to supply anterior soft tissues. The dental pulp receives its innervation through these nerves, which enter the tooth at the apical foramen.

Functionally, the Zahnnerv conveys primarily sensory information, including pain from inflamed pulp. The nerve fibers in the dental pulp include A-delta fibers, associated with sharp pain, and C fibers, associated with dull, lingering pain. Stimuli affecting dentin can activate pulp nerves via mechanisms involving fluid movement in dentinal tubules.

Clinically, knowledge of the Zahnnerv underpins procedures such as local anesthesia, including inferior alveolar and maxillary nerve blocks, as well as endodontic treatments and the diagnosis of pulpitis. Anatomical variation is common, with occasional overlap between divisions and presence of accessory innervation in some individuals.