Windpowered

Windpowered refers to energy, devices, or activities driven by wind. In electricity generation, wind-powered systems convert the kinetic energy of moving air into electrical energy using wind turbines. The term also covers mechanical applications such as windpumps for water pumping and sail-powered propulsion of boats.

Most large-scale wind power relies on horizontal-axis turbines with three-bladed rotors mounted on a nacelle that houses a generator, gearbox, and controls, perched on a tall tower. As wind turns the blades, the rotor drives the generator to produce electricity. Turbines can be placed onshore or offshore; offshore installations typically experience higher wind speeds but require maritime construction and maintenance. Some designs use direct-drive generators to eliminate a gearbox. Individual turbine outputs range from hundreds of kilowatts to several megawatts, and wind farms are connected to electric grids for regional supply.

Historically, wind-powered equipment includes windmills for milling grain and irrigation and sailing vessels that use wind for propulsion. Modern wind power expanded rapidly beginning in the late 20th century, with growth continuing into the present as technology improves and costs fall.

Advantages of wind power include its abundance, scalability, and low operating emissions. Challenges include intermittency, the need for adequate transmission and storage solutions, land or sea area requirements, and potential impacts on wildlife and local landscapes. Beyond electricity, wind-powered devices continue to serve rural water supply, remote electricity needs, and maritime transport.