Ulikhet

Ulikhet, often translated as inequality, refers to the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes among individuals or groups within a society. It can manifest in economic terms, such as differences in income and wealth, but also in non-economic domains like education, health, political influence, and social status. Inequality is commonly considered in relative terms (compared to others) and sometimes in absolute terms (deprivation below a threshold).

Common measures include the Gini coefficient and the Palma ratio, which describe income dispersion, and the shares of wealth held by the top percentile. Inequality can be observed within or between countries and evolves with growth, policy, and shocks. The literature distinguishes income inequality, wealth inequality, and inequality of opportunity, the latter arising from differences in access to education, health care, and social mobility.

Causes include technological change, globalization, skill differences, discrimination, inheritance, and policy choices. Institutions such as tax systems, transfers, minimum wages, and public investment shape the level and direction of inequality. The relationship with growth is debated: some argue high inequality reduces mobility and social cohesion, while others contend that inequality can accompany higher growth and innovation, depending on context.

Policy responses aim to reduce inequality or soften its effects, through progressive taxation, targeted or universal transfers, universal services, and measures to improve education and labor market access. Debates focus on efficiency versus equity and the optimal mix of redistribution and growth-oriented policies. Trends vary by country; in many regions inequality rose in the late 20th century, but experiences differ due to policy choices and economic shocks.