Solventes

Solventes (solvents) are substances, usually liquids, capable of dissolving other materials to form homogeneous solutions. They are used across science and industry for chemical synthesis, extraction, cleaning, formulation, and analytical techniques. A solvent’s suitability depends on its ability to dissolve the target solute, its chemical stability, compatibility with equipment, and its safety and environmental profile.

Solvents are commonly classified by polarity and hydrogen-bonding capability. Polar protic solvents such as water, methanol, and ethanol donate hydrogen bonds and dissolve many ionic and polar substances. Polar aprotic solvents, including acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetonitrile, do not donate hydrogen bonds but stabilize ions and can enable a range of reactions. Nonpolar solvents such as hexane, toluene, and chlorinated solvents dissolve nonpolar compounds and are often used for extraction and nonpolar reactions. Important properties include dielectric constant, boiling point, vapor pressure, and miscibility with the solute and with other solvents.

Safety, health, and environmental considerations are central to solvent use. Many solvents are flammable, toxic, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure may occur by inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Disposal and emissions are regulated by environmental and occupational authorities, encouraging reduced use, substitution with greener solvents where feasible, and proper waste management. Selection balances solvency power, toxicity, safety, cost, and regulatory compliance.