Schuilkelders

Schuilkelders are subterranean rooms designed to protect occupants from air raids, natural disasters, or other emergencies. They are usually part of a residential property, either as an integral underground space or as a separate bunker, and built from concrete, brick, or reinforced masonry. They vary in size from small compartments to larger shelters capable of housing several people.

Historically, schuilkelders were particularly common in the Netherlands, Belgium, and surrounding regions during the 20th century, with a peak during World War II when civilian protection measures were implemented. After the war, many were dismantled, left to dilapidate, or repurposed as storage, workshops, or extra living space. Some surviving examples have been preserved as cultural heritage, while others are maintained by private owners or local authorities for storm shelter use or historical display.

Construction and design typically focus on practicality and durability. Entrances are often via a small hatch or door, sometimes with a separate access from the interior of a house. Internal layouts are simple, featuring basic seating or bunks, limited ventilation, and minimal amenities. Walls are usually solid concrete or brick, chosen for strength and fire resistance, with drainage and moisture control adapted to the surrounding soil.

Today, schuilkelders are studied as part of civil defense history and architectural heritage. In some areas they are documented in municipal records and occasionally opened to the public as part of museum or heritage programs. They reflect regional responses to wartime risk and the broader history of domestic shelter design.