Rheumatologists

Rheumatologists are physicians who diagnose and treat diseases of the joints, muscles, bones, and connective tissues. They focus on autoimmune and inflammatory conditions and other disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system. They often coordinate care with primary care providers, physical and occupational therapists, and other specialists to manage chronic diseases across the lifespan, including pediatric patients when appropriate.

Training typically begins with medical school and a residency in internal medicine or pediatrics, followed by a rheumatology fellowship. In many countries, physicians may seek board certification in internal medicine or pediatrics and rheumatology. Ongoing continuing medical education maintains expertise and keeps practice up to date.

Rheumatologists evaluate a range of disorders from common joint pain to complex autoimmune diseases. Common conditions include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, vasculitis, inflammatory myopathies, and fibromyalgia. Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, laboratory tests such as RF and anti-CCP, ANA, ESR/CRP, and imaging studies including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI; joint aspiration or biopsy may be used in select cases.

Therapy combines medications with lifestyle and rehabilitation. Treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine, as well as biologic agents targeting immune pathways. Nonpharmacologic approaches—physical and occupational therapy, exercise, weight management, smoking cessation, and vaccination—are essential to long-term control and function.

Rheumatologists work in outpatient clinics, hospitals, and academic centers, often collaborating with other specialists, nursing staff, and researchers. They provide long-term management, monitor treatment response, and adjust therapy to balance symptom relief with safety.