Pezizales

Pezizales is an order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. Members are commonly known as cup fungi because many species produce cup- or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia. The hymenial surface of these cups bears asci, each producing ascospores when mature. The shapes among Pezizales range from shallow cups to deeply folded or brain-like structures.

Ecology and distribution: Pezizales includes both saprotrophic species that decompose leaf litter, wood, and other organic matter, and lineages that form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees. They are found worldwide, especially in temperate regions, often on soil-rich forest floors, sometimes on decaying wood or herbivore dung.

Notable genera and significance: Genera in the order include Peziza, Morchella (morels), Helvella, Gyromitra, and Verpa. Morchella species are highly valued as edible mushrooms, whereas some Gyromitra species contain toxic compounds and require careful preparation; improper handling can be dangerous.

Taxonomy and notes: The order belongs to the class Pezizomycetes within Ascomycota. Molecular studies have refined the understanding of relationships within Pezizales, leading to refinements in the circumscription of families such as Pezizaceae, Morchellaceae, and Helvellaceae. Pezizales represents a major lineage of cup fungi with diverse life histories, ranging from saprotrophy to mycorrhizal associations.