Permukiman

Permukiman is a term used to describe a residential area where people live. It encompasses housing, streets, and public spaces, and can refer to both formal, planned housing developments and informal settlements. In urban planning and housing policy, permukiman is used to discuss the availability of housing, infrastructure, and land tenure for residents.

Permukiman can be categorized into formal and informal forms. Formal permukiman, such as housing estates and registered neighborhoods, generally have planned infrastructure, clearer land titles, and regulated utilities. Informal permukiman, often called pemukiman kumuh or kampung, may lack secure land tenure and basic services, and can arise from rapid urban growth, limited affordable housing, or urban land pressures. In rural areas, permukiman may refer to village centers or clusters of homes near farms and public facilities.

Key features of permukiman include housing quality, density, access to water and sanitation, electricity, drainage, roads, and waste management. Tenure security varies, affecting residents’ incentives for investment and maintenance. Infrastructure gaps and environmental or health risks are common challenges in informal permukiman, including exposure to flooding, landslides, crowding, and inadequate waste disposal.

Governance and policy for permukiman involve local and national authorities, urban planning, land use regulation, and housing programs. Indonesia, for example, uses upgrading initiatives under programs such as Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) and various housing subsidies to improve services and tenure in both formal and informal settlements. Community organizations and participatory planning are increasingly emphasized to improve outcomes and reduce displacement.

Overall, permukiman reflects how people live, work, and connect within urban and rural landscapes, and how policy, planning, and services shape living conditions over time.