POMCCARTneuronen

POMCCARTneuronen are a proposed class of neurons defined by the co-expression of two neuropeptide systems: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). They are considered a distinct subpopulation within hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy balance, endocrine function, and motivated behaviors.

Anatomical distribution of POMCCARTneuronen has most consistently been described in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in rodents, with reports of additional localizations in other hypothalamic regions. Across species, the exact abundance and distribution can vary, reflecting evolutionary differences in energy-regulation networks.

Molecular and neurochemical characteristics include simultaneous expression of POMC-derived peptides (such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin) and CART peptides. These neurons may release a combination of melanocortin signals and CART-related transmitters, enabling integrated modulation of feeding and reward pathways.

Functional role is centered on energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. POMC-derived alpha-MSH activates melanocortin receptors, notably MC4R, to suppress appetite and influence energy expenditure. CART peptides are linked to reward and motivation circuits and can modulate dopaminergic signaling. The co-expression suggests a coordinated response to metabolic cues such as leptin and insulin, potentially balancing anorexigenic signals with reward-related processes. Their activity is thought to adapt to nutritional status, contributing to the dynamic regulation of food intake.

Research approaches include immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and single-cell RNA sequencing to identify co-expression, along with genetic, optogenetic, and pharmacological studies to assess causal roles. Clinically, understanding POMCCARTneuronen could inform obesity and metabolic disorder research, though their precise contributions require further investigation. See also POMC neurons, CART neurons, and the melanocortin system.