PAES

PAEs, short for phthalic acid esters, are a broad class of organic chemicals commonly used as plasticizers. They are esters derived from phthalic acid and various alcohols, and they are typically not covalently bound to the polymers they soften. This property allows them to migrate from plastics into the environment, foods, dust, and skin over time.

Applications and properties: The majority of PAEs are used to increase the flexibility and durability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics, especially at low temperatures. They are found in products such as vinyl flooring and wall coverings, cables, coatings, automotive interiors, toys, and medical devices. Their effectiveness at small concentrations and high lipophilicity contribute to widespread consumer and industrial use.

Common examples: Notable PAEs include di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). There are many other diesters and some resin or adipate alternatives that are used as substitutes.

Health, exposure, and regulation: Human exposure occurs mainly through ingestion of contaminated dust or food, inhalation of indoor air, and dermal contact. Some PAEs have been associated with endocrine-disrupting effects in animal studies and have raised health concerns in humans, particularly for developmental and reproductive endpoints at high exposures. Regulatory actions vary by compound and region, but many jurisdictions restrict or phase out certain PAEs in toys, childcare articles, cosmetics, and other consumer products, and encourage safer alternatives.

Environmental impact and disposal: PAEs are persistent and can accumulate in sediments and biota. They may leach from waste and degraded products, contributing to environmental contamination. Waste management and recycling efforts aim to minimize release and exposure, including substitution with alternative plasticizers where feasible.