Overgrowth

Overgrowth refers to a condition in which tissue, cells, or organisms grow beyond normal size, number, or extent. It can occur as a physiological process, a benign or malignant pathology, or as an ecological phenomenon in plant communities. The term is used across biology, medicine, and environmental sciences to describe excessive growth relative to typical development or size.

In medicine, overgrowth can be part of syndromes characterized by disproportionate tissue expansion, often due to somatic mosaic mutations that alter signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation. Notable examples include Proteus syndrome and the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum, which can affect skin, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels. Overgrowth may be accompanied by asymmetry, vascular anomalies, and an increased risk of complications such as pain, mobility impairment, or secondary tumors.

In plants and ecosystems, overgrowth commonly describes rapid or excessive vegetative growth that outcompetes neighboring species. Invasive plants, aggressive root or shoot expansion, and unchecked litter accumulation can disrupt habitat structure, reduce biodiversity, and alter nutrient cycling. Management often involves mechanical removal, chemical control, or ecological restoration to restore balance.

Causes vary by domain but broadly involve dysregulated growth signals, hormonal imbalances, or environmental triggers. In humans, genetic mosaicism or activation of pathways such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR promotes cell proliferation and tissue expansion. In plants, favorable resources, low competition, or lack of natural enemies can enable overgrowth.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and, in medical cases, genetic testing or imaging. Treatment is case dependent: observation for mild cases, surgical debulking or reconstructive procedures for functional impairment, and targeted therapies in certain genetic overgrowth conditions. In agriculture and ecology, control measures aim to reduce spread and restore ecosystem balance.