Nachtbruxisme

Nachtbruxisme, also known as nocturnal bruxism, refers to grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep. It is a sleep-related movement disorder distinct from daytime teeth grinding (awake bruxism). In many people, nocturnal bruxism occurs without noticeable symptoms, but it can cause tooth wear, jaw muscle pain, headaches, and temporomandibular joint problems.

Prevalence varies by population and assessment method. Nocturnal bruxism affects both adults and children, with signs ranging from asymptomatic to noticeable tooth wear or muscle discomfort. Estimates for adults typically place the prevalence in a broad range, reflecting different diagnostic criteria.

Etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, neurophysiological, and psychological factors. Stress, anxiety, sleep arousal, and certain medications may contribute. There is also an association with snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in some individuals, though the relationship is not fully understood.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and signs such as tooth wear, jaw muscle tenderness, or TMJ discomfort. Polysomnography in a sleep laboratory can confirm bruxism and help distinguish it from other sleep disorders, but it is not routinely required for all cases.

Management focuses on reducing tooth damage and symptoms rather than eliminating bruxism itself in every case. Protective options include occlusal splints or night guards. Behavioral approaches such as stress management and good sleep hygiene may help, along with treating any coexisting sleep disorders. In severe or refractory cases, options like botulinum toxin injections may be considered by specialists. The decision to treat depends on symptom burden and dental risk.