Mischfraktion

Mischfraktion is a term used in German‑language parliaments to describe a mixed parliamentary group that brings together members from different political parties or independent legislators who are not part of the regular party factions. The formation of a Mischfraktion is permitted by the rules of procedure of most state and federal legislatures, which grant certain rights – such as speaking time, committee representation and access to resources – to groups that reach a minimum size, even if the members do not share a common party affiliation.

The legal basis for Mischfraktionen varies between legislatures. In the Bundestag, the Rules of Procedure allow any group of at least five deputies to form a parliamentary faction; when the members belong to different parties or are unaffiliated, the resulting body is classified as a Mischfraktion. Similar provisions exist in the Landtage, where the threshold may be lower and the terminology sometimes differs (e.g., “gemischte Fraktion”).

Mischfraktionen serve several practical functions. They enable smaller parties or single deputies to coordinate their legislative work, increase their influence in debates, and secure representation on parliamentary committees. They also allow for temporary cooperation on specific policy issues without requiring a formal coalition.

Historically, notable Mischfraktionen have arisen after elections where no party achieved a clear majority, as well as in periods of political realignment. Examples include mixed groups formed by the Greens and the Free Democratic Party in certain state parliaments, and alliances of independent members in the European Parliament’s German delegation.

While Mischfraktionen enhance procedural fairness for minority voices, critics argue that they may dilute party discipline and obscure distinct ideological positions. Nonetheless, they remain an established feature of German parliamentary practice, reflecting the flexibility of legislative organization in multi‑party systems.