MikroSchritten

MikroSchritten, literally "micro-steps" in German, refers to a method for controlling stepper motors in which each full step is divided into multiple smaller increments. This technique is implemented by a motor driver that provides current to the motor windings according to a stepped, often sinusoidal, progression rather than a single discrete full-step angle. Microstepping is used to increase apparent resolution and to smooth motion.

How microstepping works: The driver shapes the current in the two windings as a function of step index, approximating sine and cosine to create intermediate rotor positions. Common schemes include 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 microsteps per full step. Some drivers offer 256 microsteps, though torque is reduced at higher subdivisions and practical accuracy remains limited by the motor and driver.

Benefits and limitations: Microstepping smooths motion, reduces vibration and resonance, and can increase perceived resolution and quietness. However, actual angular accuracy is limited by mechanical play (backlash), rotor detent torque, friction, and electrical characteristics. Microsteps do not increase torque and can give a false sense of precision. The reliable microstep resolution depends on the specific driver, motor, and control electronics.

Applications and practice: Microstepping is widely used in CNC machines, 3D printers, robotics, and precision positioning instrumentation. Good practice includes selecting an appropriate microstep setting, matching current to the motor’s ratings, and using homing or encoders for absolute positioning to supplement relative microstep movement.

Related concepts: full stepping, half stepping, sine-cosine control, and closed-loop stepper systems. See also stepper motor and stepper driver.