Micrurus

Micrurus is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Elapidae, commonly known as coral snakes. They are native to the Americas, ranging from the southern United States through Central America to northern Argentina and southern Brazil. The genus comprises roughly 60 to 70 described species.

Physical characteristics typically include a slender body, smooth dorsal scales, and a short, rounded head distinct from the neck. The most recognizable feature is a banded color pattern in red, yellow (or white), and black. The arrangement and width of bands vary by species. A well-known mnemonic in North America—“red touch yellow, kill a fellow; red touch black, friend of Jack”—is often cited to distinguish coral snakes from some non-venomous look-alikes, but this rule does not reliably identify all species outside the region.

Ecology and behavior: Micrurus species are generally secretive and often spend time underground or in leaf litter. They are oviparous and have diets that include smaller snakes, lizards, and occasionally amphibians. Habitats vary by species and can include forests, scrublands, and arid regions.

Venom and medical importance: Coral snakes possess neurotoxic venom delivered by fixed front fangs. Envenomation can cause neuromuscular paralysis and respiratory failure. Bites to humans are relatively rare due to their reclusive habits, but they can be dangerous. Treatment emphasizes prompt medical care, supportive respiratory support, and administration of appropriate antivenom where available. First aid should avoid cutting or attempting to suck out venom; immobilization of the affected area is recommended until professional help is obtained.

Conservation: The conservation status of Micrurus species varies; many are poorly studied, and habitat loss can threaten local populations.